TC-2000-1
2000—GENERAL SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATION
2010 Goals
and Objectives
2020 Administrative
Organization
2100 School
Superintendent
2110 Qualifications
2120 Duties
Essential
Duties
General
Duties
2130 Recruitment
(Cf. 5020)
2140 Appointment
2150 Compensation
and Benefits
2170 Professional
Development Opportunities, Superintendent
2200 Consulting
Activities
2250 Evaluation
(Cf. 2450)
2400 Administrative
Personnel
SN For school management and supervisory
personnel below District Superintendent
level.
Compensation,
Guides, and Contracts
Qualifications
and Duties
Recruitment
Assignment
Orientation
Supervision
Time
Schedules
Temporary
Administrators
Personnel
Travel
Expense
2410 Residency
Requirements
2450 Evaluation
(Cf. 2250, 5520)
2550 Handbooks
and Other Publications
2590 Professional
Development Opportunities, Administrators
(Cf.
2170, 5190, 5330)
2700 Policy
Implementation
2750 Administrative
Rules (Cf. 1570)
Staff
Involvement (Cf. 5140)
Community
Involvement
Student
Involvement
Rules
Adoption
Rules
Dissemination
Rules
Review (Cf. 1570)
Administration
in Policy Absence
TC-2000-2
2800 Records
2810 Public
Review and Inspection of Records
Fees
Appeals
2850 Reports
Types
Dissemination
2010 Goals and Objectives 2010
The purpose of school administration is to help create and
foster an environment in which students can learn most effectively. All administrative duties and functions
should be appraised in terms of the contribution that is made to better
instruction, more effective learning and the development of worthwhile citizens
who have the ability to think and who are capable of using their abilities
wisely. One of the most important
responsibilities that rest upon the administration is to select teachers who
shall discover and develop in students abilities which might otherwise remain
dormant.
The Superintendent must shoulder much of the responsibility
for the success or failure of his/her organization. He/she should possess those qualities of leadership which
motivate all members of his/her staff to work for the improvement of the
educational program. It is his/her
responsibility, under the direction of the Board, to mobilize and coordinate
all available resources in the development of an educational program designed
to stimulate the best effort in all students.
Approved: February
13, 2002
Reviewed:
2020 Administrative Organization 2020
The
legal authority of the Board shall be transmitted through the Superintendent to
other positions through an approved organizational structure.
The
Superintendent shall be responsible for keeping the administrative structure of
the District up-to-date as to the goals, curricula, instructional arrangements,
and services change, and shall recommend revisions in the structure to the Board.
The
Superintendent may reorganize lines of authority and revise the organizational
chart subject to Board approval.
(Organizational
Chart Follows)
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2020-R Administrative
Organization 2020-R
KALKASKA
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
ORGANIZATION
CHART
ELECTORATE
BOARD OF EDUCATION
SUPERINTENDENT
DIRECTOR OF BUSINESS
CERTIFIED
ADMINISTRATORS DEPARTMENT HEADS (MANAGERS)
ELEMENTARY
SECONDARY CENTRAL OFFICE
STAFF
PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL BUILDING & GROUNDS
TRANSPORTATION
FOOD
SERVICE
BIRCH MIDDLE SCHOOL
CHERRY HIGH
SCHOOL
RAPID CITY
ASST.
PRINCIPAL/CURRICULUM DIRECTOR
ASST. PRINCIPAL/ATHLETIC DIRECTOR
COACHES
2100 School Superintendent 2100
The
Superintendent shall be the chief administrative head of the District and shall
have, under the direction of the Board, general supervision of all of the
public schools and of all the personnel and various personnel departments of
the District. The Superintendent is
responsible for the management of the schools under Board policies and is
accountable to the Board.
The
Superintendent, at his/her discretion, may delegate to other school personnel
the exercise of any powers and the discharge of any duties imposed upon the Superintendent
by these policies or by vote of the Board.
The delegation of power or duty, however, shall not relieve the Superintendent
of responsibility for the action taken under such delegation.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2110 Qualifications 2110
The
Superintendent shall have:
·
Earned at
least a master’s degree from an approved institution of learning with graduate
study in educational administration (although a doctor’s degree is not
required, work toward the degree is considered desirable);
·
Acquired at
least three years of successful experience in teaching and in the
administration of schools; and
·
Established
himself/herself as an educational leader in the profession through active
participation in a variety of areas.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 380.1246
2120 Duties 2120
Essential
Duties
The
essential duties and responsibilities of the Superintendent shall be:
1. To serve as administrative head of the
entire District and chief executive officer of the Board, in charge of both
educational and business functions;
2. To keep the Board continually informed on
the progress and condition of the schools;
3. To carry out policies and rules of the Board;
4. To initiate matters of educational policy
and to make definite recommendations thereon;
5. To recommend the number and types of
positions required to provide proper personnel for the operation of education
programs;
6. To nominate for appointment, assignment,
transfer or termination and to define the duties of all personnel, subject to
approval of the Board;
7. Recommend, in writing, the teachers
necessary for the schools; and
8. Suspend a teacher for cause until the Board
may consider the suspension.
General
Duties
The
general duties of the Superintendent shall be:
1. To administer the development and
maintenance of a positive educational program designed to meet the needs of the
community, to keep abreast of the best educational developments and to advise
regarding changes in programs;
2. To supervise the preparation of the annual
budget and to recommend it to the Board for consideration;
3. To advise and recommend in matters of
business administration; to pass upon all proper requests for equipment and
supplies, to point out possible economies and to supervise activities of the District;
2120 Duties 2120-2
4. To conduct a continuous study of the
development and needs of the schools and to keep the public adequately informed
concerning his/her findings;
5. To assure that District finances are
credited with interest earned by tax money on deposit with the county Treasurer
by executing written agreement with the county Treasurer;
6.
Put into practice the educational
policies of the Board;
7. Supervise and direct the work of the
teachers and other employees of the Board;
8. Classify and control the promotion of
students;
9. Recommend to the Board the best methods of
arranging the courses of study;
10. Recommend to the Board the proper textbooks
to be used;
11. Make written reports to the Board;
12. Make written reports to the state; and
13. Assist the Board in matters pertaining to
the general welfare of the District.
Approved: February
13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 380.1246
2130 Recruitment (Cf. 5020) 2130
When
a vacancy in the Superintendency occurs, the Board shall recruit applicants, or
hire and direct a consultant to fill the position with the most capable person available. The Board shall consider only those
candidates who meet both state and local qualifications and who display the
ability to successfully carry out the duties of the Superintendent and serve as
the administrative head of the District.
Applications
for the Superintendency shall be screened, and those candidates who appear to
be most promising shall be interviewed.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2140 Appointment 2140
All
contract offers of employment, or continued employment, shall be made by the Board
contingent upon review of the contract by the Board’s legal counsel and subject
to final approval by the Board.
The
Superintendent will be offered a written contract for a fixed term to be
determined by the Board.
The
Superintendent’s contract shall be considered for renewal in accordance with
the employment contract and law. It is
the responsibility of the Board President to see that the Superintendent’s
contract is properly executed and signed.
A copy of the contract shall be on file at the Board office. The contract shall contain a provision
excluding the Superintendent from attaining tenure in the administrative
position.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 380.471a; 380.651; 380.1246; 38.91; 15.268(8f)
2150 Compensation and Benefits 2150
Compensation
and benefits of the Superintendent shall be determined annually by the Board
and will be based on the Superintendent’s performance in relation to his/her
ability to carry out the mission, goals, policies and budget of the District.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2170 Professional Development Opportunities 2170
The
Board shall encourage and assist the Superintendent to further his/her
professional development by authorizing attendance educational conferences, seminars,
workshops and other professional meetings; visits to other school systems; and
any other means of keeping abreast of modern educational thought and
practice. The annual budget shall
provide an allocation for these activities.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 380.1254; 380.1525; AG Opinion #5272
2200 Consulting
Activities 2200
The
Superintendent shall devote his/her time, skill, labor, and attention to the
direction and supervision of the District.
By agreement with the Board the Superintendent may undertake, for
remuneration, consultative work, speaking engagements, writing, lecturing,
membership and office in educational organizations, or other professional
duties and obligations.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2250 Evaluation (Cf. 2450) 2250
The Board shall evaluate the
Superintendent, at least annually, utilizing criteria and an evaluation process
mutually agreed upon by the Board and Superintendent. If mutual agreement cannot be reached, the Board shall proceed with
the Superintendent’s evaluation using criteria that includes the District’s
attainment of goals adopted by the Board, the Superintendent’s completion of
personal job goals that have been established, the manner in which day-to-day
operations of the District are handled, Board-Superintendent relations, staff
and community relations, and the degree to which the Superintendent fulfills
the responsibilities set forth in the job description and duties for that
position. The criteria and process
adopted by the Board should be communicated in advance to the Superintendent.
An appraisal instrument may
be used by the Superintendent as a self-evaluation instrument prior to the Board’s
summary evaluation. Such
self-evaluation can be presented to the Board by the Superintendent at an
evaluation meeting held as allowed under current law.
Prior to the summary
evaluation meeting, individual Board members shall complete their evaluation of
the Superintendent. The Board and Superintendent
may meet in closed session, at the option of the Superintendent, for the
summary evaluation. The Superintendent
shall have an opportunity to respond to the Board’s summary evaluation either
orally or in writing at the Superintendent’s discretion.
After the Superintendent’s
summary evaluation has been prepared by the Board, the Board shall adopt, by
vote, the summary evaluation at an open meeting. After the Board’s adoption, the Superintendent’s summary
evaluation shall be made available as provided under current law.
2250 Evaluation 2250-2
The Superintendent’s summary
evaluation and any rebuttal thereto shall be retained in the Superintendent’s
personnel file as a matter of record.
The evaluation procedure
shall be on file at the District office.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 15.268; 15.243(1) (m); AG Opinion #5262, #5608, #6668
2400 Administrative Personnel (Central
Office and Building Level) 2400
The
Board shall employ such administrative personnel as the needs of the District
require.
Compensation
Guides and Contracts
All
administrative personnel shall be compensated for their services in conformity
with an administrative salary as determined by the Board.
Qualifications
and Duties
The
Superintendent shall develop appropriate job descriptions for each administrative
position in the District. Such
documents shall be filed in the central office.
Recruitment
The
Board delegates to the Superintendent the authority to identify and recommend
the appointment of qualified individuals to fill vacant administrative positions. The Board reserves the right to reject any
and all recommendations and to proceed on its own initiative.
Assignment
Assignment
of administrative personnel shall be recommended by the Superintendent subject
to approval of the Board.
Orientation
The
Superintendent shall conduct an appropriate administrative orientation program
designed to acquaint such personnel with the District, Board policies, duties
and responsibilities and other such activities as time and the needs of the District
require.
Supervision
The
Superintendent shall be responsible for the supervision of all administrative
personnel.
Time
Schedules
Administrative
time schedules and work loads will be dictated by the terms of the employment
contract and by assigned responsibilities.
2400 Administrative Personnel 2400-2
Temporary
Administrators
The
Superintendent and building Principals shall designate a staff member to serve
as chief administrator of the District or building in his/her absence.
Personnel
The
administrative staff shall fill only those positions authorized by the Board.
Travel
Expense
Travel
expense for administrative staff shall be provided in accordance with 5330.
Approved: February 13, 2002
LEGAL REF: MCL 380.1247; 38.91
2410 Residency Requirements 2410
All administrative personnel will be
encouraged to reside and have their permanent residence within the boundaries
of the District.
Current administrative personnel now
living outside of the District’s boundaries are encouraged to establish
domicile within the District’s boundaries and are not subject this policy.
Approved: February
13, 2002
Reviewed:
2450 Evaluation (Cf. 2250, 5520) 2450
All
administrative personnel shall be evaluated in writing annually by the Superintendent. Board discussion on an administrator’s evaluation
can be held in either a closed or open Board meeting as decided by the
administrator. The administrator’s
evaluation shall be made available to those authorized by law when so
requested.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 15.268
2550 Handbooks and Other Publications 2550
In
order that pertinent Board policies and administrative rules/regulations or
procedures are known by all staff members and students, District administrators
and Principals shall issue staff and student handbooks.
The
Board shall review and approve District-wide handbooks in order that the
contents may be accorded legal status of Board-approved policy and
regulations. The Superintendent shall
use his/her judgment as to whether other specific handbooks need Board
approval; however, all handbooks published are to be made available to the Board
for informational purposes.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2590 Professional Development Opportunities
(Cf. 2170, 5190, 5330) 2590
The
Board supports and encourages administrators to attend summer sessions,
conferences, workshops or other activities which will directly benefit the District’s
schools. Expenses of registration, Board
and room, travel and other incidental expenses will be paid by the District to
attend meetings in accordance with money budgeted for this purpose.
Approved: February
13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 380.1525
2700 Policy Implementation 2700
The
administrative staff shall carry out and enforce all policies duly adopted by
the Board and all regulations of state authorities.
Failure
of any administrative employee to implement the policies of the Board may
result in suspension, demotion, probation, or other action in accordance with
procedures set forth in these policies and rules.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2750 Administrative Rules (Cf. 1570) 2750
The
Superintendent has the responsibility for developing required rules/regulations
and procedures to carry out Board policies and to operate the District’s
schools. These rules/regulations and
procedures shall constitute the administrative regulations governing the
schools and may be considered for approval, modification or rejection by the Board
as the situation warrants.
Staff
Involvement (Cf. 5140)
In
the development of rules/regulations, procedures and arrangements for the
operation of the District, the Superintendent shall include at the planning
stage representatives of those employees who will be affected by such
provisions.
The
Superintendent shall develop procedures utilizing certified and non-certified
employees for the ready exchange of ideas regarding the operation of the District. He/she shall carefully consider the advice
given by employees, especially that given by groups designated to represent
large segments of the staff, and shall inform the Board of such counsel in
presenting reports of administrative action and in presenting recommendations
for Board action.
Community
Involvement
The
Superintendent may involve District community members on committees or study groups
whenever necessary and when participation of community members may materially
aid in the solution of District problems or enhance the submission of
recommendations of proposed Board action or District policy formulation.
Student
Involvement
The
Superintendent is encouraged to include students in the formulation of
administrative rules affecting students.
2750 Administrative Rules 2750-2
Rules
Adoption
All
administrative rules/regulations or procedures which originate from the
administrative staff must be approved by the Superintendent before adoption or
modification. All administrative
rules/regulations or procedures recommended by the Superintendent shall be
reviewed but need not be approved by the administrative staff before
implementation.
Rules
Dissemination
Copies
of administrative rules/regulations or procedures shall be given to those
employees who play a role in enforcing the rules or who will be affected by the
rule changes.
Rules
Review (Cf. 1570)
In
those instances where administrative rules have been adopted by the Board, they
shall be subject to a planned review by the Board and the District’s
administrative staff.
Administration
in Policy Absence
In
cases of an emergency, in which action
must be taken within the District where the Board has provided no guides for
administrative action, the Superintendent shall have the power to act, but
his/her decisions shall be subject to review by the Board at the next Board
meeting. It shall be the duty of the Superintendent
to inform the Board promptly of such action and of any need for policy.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
2750-R Administrative Rules (Cf. 1570) 2750-R
No
administrative rule shall be in conflict with Board policy.
Rules
Drafting
All
proposed rules/regulations or procedures may be submitted to the Board’s
attorney for a legal interpretation before being submitted to the Board for
review.
Staff
Involvement
The
Superintendent and Principals may, at their own discretion, appoint committees
for such functions as are not being performed by existing groups or persons.
Each
staff or community committee shall act in an advisory capacity to the
administrative officer responsible for the area in which the committee was
designated to operate. All committees
shall terminate no later than one year after their establishment unless
re-established by the Board or the administration.
Student
Involvement
The
use of student input in the formation of policies and rules shall, to the
extent desirable by the school District’s administration, be restricted to
areas pertaining to attendance center administration. Students may be appointed to work on committees.
Administration
in Policy Absence
In
the event the Superintendent is forced to act in the absence of regular Board
policy or guidelines and feels that policy is needed, he/she may draft a
proposed Board policy, together with appropriate rules, to be presented to the Board
at its next meeting for its consideration.
Considerations
In
the development of administrative rules, regulations and/or procedures, the
administrator in charge shall consider the following areas:
A. The Board’s expectations and concerns.
Have measurable outcomes been decided
upon by the Board and/or Superintendent?
Have the concerns of individual Board members been addressed?
2750-R Administrative Rules 2750-R-2
B. Legal Review
Has there been a review of the Revised School Code, the Laws Relating to Education and attorney
general opinions relative to the policy topic?
Has there been a review of any U.S. court or Michigan court decisions
relative to the policy topic?
C. Operational Activities
There shall be consideration given to
any staffing, fiscal, notification and in-service/orientation implications
relative to the administrative procedures and implementation of the policy.
D. Time Frames
There shall be consideration given to
the effective date of any policy implementation activities. Those time frames may include: effective date, review dates, a date that
the policy or procedures may end.
E. Board Review
There shall be time for the
administrative staff to review with the Board the administrative procedures
when the topic warrants. Such
discussion would override: problem
areas, handling complaints, review of measurable outcomes and anticipated review
dates.
F. Reporting
Prior to any review of the Board’s
policy or a review of the administrative procedures, the administrative staff
shall meet and discuss the policy relative to recommendations (stay the same,
amend, or delete), the administrative procedures (meeting the outcomes and/or
amending); and future policy and procedure oversight activities.
2800 Records 2800
The
District shall establish and maintain a system of records as required by law
and as necessary or pertinent to the performance of any function related to the
operation of the District. The Superintendent
shall establish rules and procedures for the maintenance of District records.
Approved: February
13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 15.231 et seq.;
Michigan Freedom of Information Act
2810 Public Review and Inspection of Records 2810
The
Superintendent shall establish and publish rules for public inspection and
copying of records in accord with the Michigan Freedom of Information Act, and
shall serve as FOIA coordinator for the District. Inspection of records by the general public shall be limited to
the regular office hours of the building or office which houses the records.
Copies of records which are not exempt from disclosure will be available on
request.
Fees
The Superintendent
shall charge a fee to cover actual costs of providing access to and/or copies
of public records in accordance with law.
Appeals
If
a request for disclosure of record(s) is denied, procedures for appeal of the
decision shall be provided along with the denial.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 15.231 et seq.;
Michigan Freedom of Information Act
2810-R Public Review and Inspection of Records 2810-R
The
Superintendent shall serve as FOIA coordinator for all records maintained at
the central office of the District.
Each building Principal shall serve as coordinator for all records
maintained at the building level.
Routine
Inquiries
Routine
day-to-day inquiries to the District or school for information shall be handled
appropriately by District staff. The procedures under this rule shall apply to
requests made under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act.
Requests
Requests
to inspect or copy public records must be made in writing (including FAX or
e-mail) to the coordinator for the requested record(s) or his/her designee, and
shall sufficiently describe the record to enable the coordinator to identify
and locate the record. Separate requests shall be made for each record
desired. Each coordinator shall file
all requests and their dispositions in his/her office and make such reports as
are requested by the Superintendent or the Board. Filed requests shall be held for a period of at least one year.
Denials
The
coordinator shall examine each request to determine whether the record
requested is exempt from disclosure under the Michigan Freedom of Information
Act. If the coordinator determines that
the record is exempt from disclosure, he/she shall issue a written denial of
the request after consultation with the Superintendent. Such a denial shall be made within five days
of receipt of the request or as otherwise provided by law, and shall include
the reason(s) for the denial and the procedures for appeal of the decision to
deny the request.
Should
the requested record(s) be classified as exempt but contain information which
is not exempt from disclosure, the coordinator shall delete the exempt material
and release the remaining information for inspection or copying.
2810-R Public Review and Inspection of Records
2810-R-2
Subscriptions
Requests
for a subscription to documents or records produced regularly by the District
must be accompanied by appropriate payment of estimated fees for the period of
the subscription or by a credit card record to be used to charge fees on an
ongoing basis. Subscriptions may run
for up to six months and are renewable.
Delays
If
the nature of the request requires additional time to access the records or to
make a determination on whether the request will be granted, the coordinator
shall give written notice to the person making the request extending the period
of response. Such an extension shall be
for a maximum of ten business days in accord with law.
Appeals
If
a request to inspect or copy a record is denied by a building-level
coordinator, the person making the request may appeal the decision within the District
by submitting the appeal to the Superintendent in a writing which details the
reason(s) for requesting reversal of the denial. The Superintendent shall respond in writing to the request as
provided above.
If
a request to inspect or copy a record is denied by the Superintendent, the
person requesting access may appeal the decision within the District by
submitting the appeal in writing to the Board for consideration at the next
meeting of the Board. Such request(s)
shall be submitted to the Superintendent or Board President for scheduling on
the agenda of the next Board meeting.
A
person whose request has been denied shall be informed of his/her right of
appeal in circuit court in accord with law.
Fees
Fees
for responding to a request shall be assessed as follows:
2810-R Public Review and Inspection of Records
2810-R-3
a) Photocopying charges of seven cents per
page, or if the nature of the duplication necessitates duplication by outside
sources, the actual cost of employing such outside sources;
b) Actual mailing costs;
c) Labor costs incurred in duplication and
mailing assessed at the hourly wage of the lowest paid employee of the District
capable of retrieving, copying, and mailing the information necessary to comply
with the request;
d) Labor costs for search, examination,
review, and deletion or separation of exempt from non-exempt information, at
the hourly wage of the lowest paid employee of the District capable of
complying with the request. Such labor
fees shall be charged only when the request requires more than $50 of
labor. In such cases, the coordinator
shall identify the nature of this unreasonably high labor cost.
Upon
receiving a request, the coordinator shall inform the person making the request
of the estimated cost for processing the request. If the estimated cost exceeds $50, the coordinator shall require
a good faith deposit of one half of the estimated fee before processing the
request.
No
charge for the first $20 of a fee shall be made to an individual who proves
indigency or receipt of public assistance.
State guidelines for determining free and reduced cost meals to families
shall be used as guidelines to determine indigency.
A
record of fees paid shall be kept along with each request. A record of fees
incurred shall be kept for any person making a request who is exempt from
initial fees as a matter of Board policy, though such fees will not be charged
except those in excess of the yearly maximum.
Revenue
from copying open records shall be deposited monthly in the general fund of the
District.
2810-R Public Review and Inspection of Records
2810-R-4
Safety
of Records
To ensure the safety and integrity of
records, access to records shall be accorded only under the direct supervision
of the coordinator or designated District employee. Inspection of record(s) by the general public is limited to the
regular office hours of the building or office which houses the record(s). Original school record(s) are not permitted
to leave the premises except as required by law or Board policy. Copies of records not exempt from disclosure
will be furnished for the appropriate fee.
Computer
Records
All
new software purchased by the District to maintain records shall incorporate a
feature enabling selected data to be exported in a text format for the purpose
of complying with requests.
Record
Listings
Employees
are prohibited from giving or selling lists of any school records to any person
except as authorized by law or Board policy.
2850 Reports 2850
The
Board may require reports from the staff concerning the operation and needs of
the District.
Types
The
Superintendent shall prepare and submit to the Board an annual report
summarizing the operations of the District for the preceding school year. The Superintendent shall present a monthly
budget report to the Board.
The
Superintendent’s annual report shall be made available at the October meeting
of the Board in the form of a District-wide annual report known as the Public
Act 25 report. In the event the Superintendent resigns or otherwise leaves the District,
he/she shall complete and submit the annual report to the Board prior to final
payment of compensation under his/her employment contract.
The
Board delegates to the Superintendent the authority to request certain reports
from the District’s staff concerning the operation of the District or on any
subject relating to the educational program of the District.
Dissemination
The
Board, upon request, shall receive copies of all reports submitted to the Superintendent.
Copies of staff reports may be sent to
staff members for their confidential use at the discretion of the Superintendent.
Approved: February 13, 2002
Reviewed:
LEGAL REF: MCL 388.1618